What is ELISA?
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is an immunoassay technique used to detect and measure the concentration of peptides, proteins, and antibodies in a sample. The basic principle of ELISA is that the target antigen/antibody will be immobilized on a microplate and will then form a complex with the appropriate antibody/antigen conjugate. Next, the complex will bind to the reporter enzyme and will be detected through a color change reaction.
Types of ELISAs
Based on its type, ELISA itself can be divided into several types, including:
In this method, antigens are immobilized on a microplate, then incubated directly with primary antibodies that will be conjugated with enzymes that already have substrates.
In this method, the antigen is immobilized on a microplate, then incubated using a primary antibody, and followed by a conjugated secondary antibody. This secondary antibody will bind to the primary antibody.
In this method, first the antibody (capture antibody) is attached to the bottom of the microplate. Next, the test sample (antigen) is pipetted into the microplate and followed by the secondary antibody.
In this method, non-sample antigen is attached to the bottom of the microplate, then sample antigen and primary antibody are pipetted into the well. Then the secondary antibody that will bind to the enzyme is also pipetted into the well.
Advantages and disadvantages of using the ELISA method
Advantages
- Easy and fast working procedure.
- High specificity and sensitivity.
- Efficient, safe, and eco friendly (no need for large amounts of radioactive materials and organic solvents).
Disadvantages
- Need personnel for preparation (labor-intensive)
- Can only identify one analyte at a time (cannot multiplex)
- Reagents are temperature sensitive, so they require temperature-controlled storage.
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Featured Research Area
Cell signaling is a highly complex communication system at the cellular level that regulates activity and coordination between cells. It generally consists of 3 stages: reception, transduction, and response. Examples of common targets tested are TGF-beta, VEGF, B cells, calcium, and P53.
Epigenetics is the study of how behavior and environment can influence gene expression. Examples of targets in epigenetic research are histone, DNA methylation, DNA acetylation, and others.
Immunology is the branch of science that studies the body's immune system. ELISA kits are available to target IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, interferon (INF), TNF, CD4, and others.
Cell biology is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. ELISA method can be applied to detect biomarkers in apoptosis, cell cycle, and cell metabolism activities.
Infectious diseases are diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Examples are DENV, Hepatitis, COVID-19, HIV, HPV, RSV, influenza, and polio.
Neurodegenerative diseases are diseases that attack the nervous system (neurons in the brain) and affect health conditions. Examples are Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS, FTD, Huntington's and MSA.
Gastrointestinal diseases are diseases that affect the gastrointestinal tract, such as gastritis, GERD, IBS, diarrhea, and celiac disease. Some biomarkers associated with gastrointestinal diseases are Islet1/ISL1, Islet2/ISL2, and somatostatin.
Autoimmunity is a condition where the body's immune system attacks healthy cells, such as Lupus, multiple sclerosis, Chron's disease, and psoriaris. Some related biomarkers are Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), Anti-AchR, TLR, and ICOS.
Cardiovascular diseases are diseases caused by disorders of the heart and blood vessels, such as heart attack, arrhythmia, heart failure, and stroke. Examples of related biomarkers are CD10, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine, and PDE4B.
A tumor is an abnormal growth of body tissue. Tumors can be malignant, which can attack other tissues in the body. This malignant tumor is also known as cancer. Examples of biomarkers in tumors and cancer are HER-2, EGFR, KRAS, CD20, BRAF, MMP-9, Tau, and BRCA.
Hormones are chemical substances produced by the endocrine system, which help coordinate various functions in the body. Examples are TSH, LFH, SFH, esterogen, prolactin, adrenaline and insulin.
Allergens are proteins in foods that can cause allergic reactions, either in large or small concentrations. Allergic reactions vary from mild to life-threatening. In Indonesia, allergens are divided into 8 groups: milk, eggs, nuts, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, sulfites, and gluten.
Mycotoxin is a toxin produced by fungi, which can harm the health of the body. Mycotoxins are generally chemically stable, making them difficult to remove. To prevent the adverse effects of mycotoxins, mycotoxin tests need to be conducted. Examples of mycotoxin groups are total aflatoxin, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, fumonisin, and ochratoxin A.
Veterinary drugs administered to food animals can leave residues that in the long term can threaten human health. Examples of residues and contaminants typically tested for are streptomycin, neomycin, melamine, sulfonamides, quinolones, and aminoglycosides.
Foodstuffs are susceptible to contamination by pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Examples of microorganisms commonly tested are Salmonella spp., Helicobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, andBacillus spp..
Infectious diseases can also affect livestock. Examples of popular diseases in Indonesia are hoof and mouth disease (FMD), rabies, leptospirosis, avian influenza, newcastle, lumpy skin disease (LSD), and brucellosis.
Artificial insemination is the process of injecting male sperm into the female reproductive tract to produce good quality puppies. This technique is commonly applied to farm animals such as cattle, horses, goats and pigs. One of the parameters of good sperm is a high level of motility. This motility can be screened through the proAKAP4 biomarker.
Hormones are chemical substances produced by the endocrine system, which help coordinate various functions in the body. Examples of hormones in animals are TSH, LFH, SFH, estrogen, prolactin, adrenaline, and insulin.
Featured Research Area
1. Cell Biology
Cell signaling is a highly complex communication system at the cellular level that regulates activity and coordination between cells. It generally consists of 3 stages: reception, transduction, and response. Examples of common targets tested are TGF-beta, VEGF, B cells, calcium, and P53.
Epigenetics is the study of how behavior and environment can influence gene expression. Examples of targets in epigenetic research are histone, DNA methylation, DNA acetylation, and others.
Immunology is the branch of science that studies the body's immune system. ELISA kits are available to target IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, interferon (INF), TNF, CD4, and others.
Cell biology is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. ELISA method can be applied to detect biomarkers in apoptosis, cell cycle, and cell metabolism activities.
Infectious diseases are diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Examples are DENV, Hepatitis, COVID-19, HIV, HPV, RSV, influenza, and polio.
Neurodegenerative diseases are diseases that attack the nervous system (neurons in the brain) and affect health conditions. Examples are Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS, FTD, Huntington's and MSA.
Gastrointestinal diseases are diseases that affect the gastrointestinal tract, such as gastritis, GERD, IBS, diarrhea, and celiac disease. Some biomarkers associated with gastrointestinal diseases are Islet1/ISL1, Islet2/ISL2, and somatostatin.
Autoimmunity is a condition where the body's immune system attacks healthy cells, such as Lupus, multiple sclerosis, Chron's disease, and psoriaris. Some related biomarkers are Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), Anti-AchR, TLR, and ICOS.
Cardiovascular diseases are diseases caused by disorders of the heart and blood vessels, such as heart attack, arrhythmia, heart failure, and stroke. Examples of related biomarkers are CD10, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosine, and PDE4B.
A tumor is an abnormal growth of body tissue. Tumors can be malignant, which can attack other tissues in the body. This malignant tumor is also known as cancer. Examples of biomarkers in tumors and cancer are HER-2, EGFR, KRAS, CD20, BRAF, MMP-9, Tau, and BRCA.
Hormones are chemical substances produced by the endocrine system, which help coordinate various functions in the body. Examples are TSH, LFH, SFH, esterogen, prolactin, adrenaline and insulin.
2. Biopharmacy
3. Foods
Allergens are proteins in foods that can cause allergic reactions, either in large or small concentrations. Allergic reactions vary from mild to life-threatening. In Indonesia, allergens are divided into 8 groups: milk, eggs, nuts, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, sulfites, and gluten.
Mycotoxin is a toxin produced by fungi, which can harm the health of the body. Mycotoxins are generally chemically stable, making them difficult to remove. To prevent the adverse effects of mycotoxins, mycotoxin tests need to be conducted. Examples of mycotoxin groups are total aflatoxin, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, fumonisin, and ochratoxin A.
Veterinary drugs administered to food animals can leave residues that in the long term can threaten human health. Examples of residues and contaminants typically tested for are streptomycin, neomycin, melamine, sulfonamides, quinolones, and aminoglycosides.
Foodstuffs are susceptible to contamination by pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. Examples of microorganisms commonly tested are Salmonella spp., Helicobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., Escherichia coli, and Bacillus spp..
Infectious diseases can also affect livestock. Examples of popular diseases in Indonesia are hoof and mouth disease (FMD), rabies, leptospirosis, avian influenza, newcastle, lumpy skin disease (LSD), and brucellosis.
Artificial insemination is the process of injecting male sperm into the female reproductive tract to produce good quality puppies. This technique is commonly applied to farm animals such as cattle, horses, goats and pigs. One of the parameters of good sperm is a high level of motility. This motility can be screened through the proAKAP4 biomarker.
Hormones are chemical substances produced by the endocrine system, which help coordinate various functions in the body. Examples of hormones in animals are TSH, LFH, SFH, esterogen, prolactin, adrenaline, and insulin.
4. Veterinary
